Automated Subject Cataloguing at the German National Library
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© The Author(s) 2026. This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The German National Library (DNB), as mandated by the German National Library Act of 2006, is responsible for collecting all German cultural artefacts, including digital and non-physical resources. To meet this requirement, DNB engaged in a Machine Learning (ML) project to improve metadata generation. After a while the project transitioned to a completely automated approach called subject cataloguing machine using Annif, an AI tool from the National Library of Finland, incorporating ML or subject indexing and metadata creation. This AI development relies heavily on the expertise of librarians, as AI tools are at times not fully accurate. While AI enhances efficiency, librarians and cataloguing specialists remain essential to ensure quality. The transition faced challenges, including limited resources, ethical issues, a diversified workforce’s attitude towards AI, and the complexities of copyright laws. Despite these challenges, the integration of EMa has improved the generation and accessibility of metadata within DNB services. While AI can enrich librarians’ skills, it cannot replace them. Mistakes encountered along the way should be viewed as learning opportunities, and future advancements should involve collaborative, diverse teams to continue refining the integration of AI in metadata management.
Emojulkaisu
AI Innovations in Public Services: The Case of National Libraries
ISBN
978-3-032-01344-6
ISSN
Aihealue
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A3 Kirjan tai muun kokoomateoksen osa (vertaisarvioitu)