Day-ahead market participation of an active distribution network equipped with small-scale compressed air energy storage systems

Large-scale compressed air energy storage (CAES) is conventionally used in power systems. However, application of CAESs at the distribution level is limited because of differences in design and efficiency. On the other hand, application of electrical batteries suited for distribution networks (DNs) faces also challenges from high investment cost and significant degradation. In this regard, this paper presents the participation of an active distribution system equipped with a small-scale CAES (SCAES) in the day-ahead wholesale market. To make CAES applicable to DNs, thermalelectrical setting design of the SCAES coupled with a packed-bed heat exchanger is adopted in the operation of the grid, where SCAES performs as an energy storage for DNs to surpass existing deficiencies of battery banks. The electrical/thermal conversion rate has been modeled for the SCAES operation. Moreover, the operation strategy of the SCAES is optimally coordinated with an electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) as an alternative energy storage technology in deregulated DNs. To make EVCS simulation more realistic, Gaussian Copula probability distribution function is used to model the behavior of the EVCS. The results obtained from different case studies confirm the value of SCAES as a reliable energy storage technology for DNs.