An Optimal Charging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Network

Electric vehicles (EVs) are developing due to concerns over global warming and the major role of the transportation sector in emissions. EVs can also flatten the power curve and increase the reliability of power grids when renewable energy sources are used. Despite of these benefits, EVs impose new loads on distribution networks. Simultaneous charging of EVs, especially at high penetration levels, can create new load peaks in the power curves as well as overloading transformers, shortening their service life. In actual applications, most electric cars are single-phase loads that need to be charged from household or commercial outlets. In this paper, an optimization method is presented to coordinate the dynamic charge operation of single-phase EVs in an unbalanced three-phase distribution network. In the proposed method, the main goal of charging management is to minimize the total cost, which considers both network security constraints and electric vehicle constraints. The proposed method is tested on a sample distribution network and the numerical results prove the effectiveness of the method.