Information Security Failures Measured and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Controls Ranked by General Data Protection Regulation Penalty Analysis

Abstract

Selecting the most important information security controls is a critical and difficult process. Therefore, the decision-making on how to manage risks and threats has to be supported with data-driven performance measurement metrics. This paper identifies and explores the failures and impacts of information security, as well as the most effective controls to mitigate information security risks in organizations. The method of the study was root cause analysis. All year 2020 GDPR penalty cases (n=81) based on misconduct, as defined in GDPR Article 32: “Security of processing” were matched with ISO/IEC 27001:2022 controls, which were used as failure identifiers in the analysis. As a result, the study presents both, the top 10 most frequent and the top 10 most expensive information security failures corresponding to ISO/IEC 27001:2022 controls. Furthermore, the study also illustrates the correlation of these controls.