Comprehensive assessment of an integrated energy system with EVs in a PV-equipped station-city complex

In large-scale, multi-functional building complex, station-city complex has significant power consumption and carbon emissions. Deploying photovoltaic (PV) in them can effectively alleviate these problems. However, renewable-based integrated energy system presents new challenges in power supply-demand mismatch. Battery storage can partially mitigate this issue but is limited by safety concerns and high investment costs. Expanding energy boundary from building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) to electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective solution. Therefore, this study proposes an integrated energy system with EVs in PV-equipped station-city complex. Additionally, public transport (i.e., electric buses and electric taxis) is considered as the type of EVs and counted since station-city complex is typically located in transportation hub. The system's comprehensive performance is quantitatively assessed from energy, economic, and environmental (3E) perspectives. The results indicate that as PV area increases, REP rises by 26.14 %, while demand self-sufficiency ratio (DSR) increases by 58.96 %. Meanwhile, renewable power utilization efficiency (RPUE) decreases by 30.16 %. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) decreases from 0.04 CNY/kWh. Besides, integrating EVs improves RPUE by approximately 10 % and reduces LCOE. CO2 emission decrease by 26.14 % as PV area increases. This study provides theoretical support for deploying renewable energy in EV-integrated station-city complex.