Carbon emission allowances and Nordic electricity markets : Linkages and hedging analysis

Unlike previous studies which tend to consider only return linkages between European emission allowances and electricity markets, this paper examines return and volatility linkages between the two markets and importantly conducts a hedging analysis. Using a dynamic conditional correlation model and daily price data covering European emission allowances and Nord Pool electricity markets from 28th January 2009–22 th February 2022, which comprise the second and third phases of the European emission allowances trading system, the main results are summarized as follows: Firstly, volatility and returns flow from the Nordic electricity market to the European emission market, with no evidence of a feedback effect, suggesting that rapid changes in demand for electricity may have forced producers to ramp up carbon-intensive facilities. Secondly, the conditional dynamic correlation between the two markets is weak but varies with time, and its sensitivity to crisis periods is noted. Thirdly, the hedging analysis indicates that Nordic electricity market participants can lower their downside risk by including carbon emission allowances in their portfolios, as evidenced by the effectiveness of hedging returns of the Nordic electricity markets with European allowances, irrespective of the COVID-19 sub-periods.