Active and reactive power requirements at DSO-TSO interface : a cases study based on four European countries

The ENTSO-E network code for demand connection sets harmonized requirements for connecting large renewable energy generation units as well as demand response facilities and furthermore reactive power limits which need to be fulfilled at the interface between TSO and DSOs. In this paper, P/Q-measurements for several primary substations in four different countries (Austria, Finland, Germany and Slovenia) are investigated. For the investigated primary substations measurements of active and reactive power over a period of one year in 15-min resolutions were collected. Based on the investigations the impact of reactive power requirements at the TSO-DSO interface is addressed. Moreover, how and on which voltage level the reactive power could be balanced is discussed.